April 7, 2024

About the Symposium

Credit: Coming to America, 1952, Louis Stettner, © Louis Stettner Estate 2024

Reconsidering Jewish Migration to the United States: A Century of Controversy marks the 100th anniversary of the pivotal Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924 by exploring a century of Jewish engagement with immigration at the national and international level. The symposium brings together nationally renowned scholars and experts to examine how the 1924 act restricted immigration from the interwar period to the 1960s, how Jews and other groups were affected, and how the liberalization of immigration law after the 1960s produced major demographic changes in the United States and set the stage for contemporary political controversies over the role of immigration in American life.

The symposium is generously sponsored by the Selz Foundation, the David Berg Foundation, and supplemented by public funds from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, in partnership with the City Council. The symposium is the fifth installment in a larger series of public symposia sponsored by the Center for Jewish History’s Jewish Public History Forum.

Session Archive

April 7, 2024
SESSION ONE
Rethinking Immigration: The Johnson-Reed Act 100 Years Later

A century has passed since Congress voted to restrict immigration to the United States through the Johnson-Reed Act. Two distinguished historians of immigration examine how the act came to be and the kind of transformation it wrought not only in American immigration policy but in widespread attitudes and assumptions. The significance of the Johnson-Reed Act reverberated throughout American society and endures even after new legislation revising the rules around immigration. This moment of furious debate over immigration and how the United States should police its southern border calls for historical perspectives on how Americans understood immigration in the past and why they changed their minds.

Hasia Diner

New York University

Mae Ngai

Columbia University

Moderated by Deborah Dash Moore

University of Michigan

SPECIAL REMARKS
Speaker Picture
U.S. Representative
Adriano Espaillat
SESSION TWO
The Nativist Backlash: 1924-1945

Passage of The Johnson-Reed Act in 1924 reflected and anticipated larger nativist trends in the United States. On the one hand, the 1924 law responded to a decades-long animus towards any number of immigrant groups seeking refuge in the United States. On the other, it set a restriction baseline that would determine the course of immigration history for the next century. Panelists studying a diverse set of immigrant groups will gather to discuss nativism, the specific impact of the Johnson-Reed Act, and then explore its significance in the decades that followed.

Maddalena Marinari

Gustavus Adolphus College

Katherine Benton-Cohen

Georgetown University

Madeleine Hsu

University of Maryland

Moderated by Marc Dollinger

San Francisco State University

SESSION THREE
Migration in Crisis: From Johnson-Reed to World War II

With the passage of the Johnson-Reed Act, rates of immigration to the United States fell by eighty percent. But numbers tell only part of the story. This panel explores how migrants navigated the quota system through both legal and illegal means. Panelists will consider how individuals and communities worked within the constraints of the new legislation and also campaigned to overturn the law. Finally, this session will ask what this historical period reveals about enduring notions of citizenship, borders, and national identity.

Nathaniel Deutsch

University of California, Santa Cruz

Libby Garland

Kingsborough Community College/Graduate Center (CUNY)

Mireya Loza

Georgetown University

Moderated by Beth Wenger

University of Pennsylvania

SESSION FOUR
Revoking Johnson-Reed: Immigration after 1965

In 1965, Congress passed the Hart-Celler Act abolishing national origins quotas that had long guided American immigration policy. Heralded by many as the opening of American gates, the new legislation had a far more complicated history and set of consequences, which serves as the topic of this panel. In place of national origins quotas, the law instituted several classificatory schemes that continued to distinguish between desirable and undesirable immigrants and put a special cap on the number of permissible immigrants from the Western hemisphere. Entangled domestic and foreign policy goals produced a late-twentieth-century system that relied on unprecedented levels of government funds to patrol borders, even as refugee resettlement projects also built new political coalitions and movements.

Jana Lipman

Tulane University

Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof

Harvard University

Shaul Kelner

Vanderbilt University

Moderated by Lila Corwin Berman

Temple University

SPECIAL REMARKS
Speaker Picture
Manhattan Borough President
Mark Levine
SESSION FIVE
Immigration Today: Controversies and Opportunities

The same fears that led to the restrictions of the Johnson-Reed Act continue to resonate in American society today. In recent years, conspiracy theories about immigration have had a devastating impact on both present-day immigrants and native-born American Jews. In this panel, white supremacy scholar Kathleen Blee and Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society President Mark Hetfield will discuss the connections between contemporary xenophobia and antisemitism, and the impact of both on immigration policy and the current election cycle.

Mark Hetfield

President & CEO, HIAS

Kathleen Blee

University of Pittsburgh

Moderated by Rachel Kranson

University of Pittsburgh



Speakers

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Katherine Benton-Cohen

Katherine Benton-Cohen is Professor of History at Georgetown University. She is the author of Inventing the Immigration Problem: The Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy (Harvard, 2018) and Borderline Americans: Racial Division and Labor War in the Arizona Borderlands (Harvard, 2009). She served as historical advisor to the film Bisbee ’17, a New York Times best film of the year in 2018. Benton- Cohen has held numerous national fellowships and has been a visiting scholar in Tokyo and Germany. She is currently writing a global history of the Phelps-Dodge copper-mining and family empire in New York, the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, and the Middle East.

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Lila Corwin Berman

Lila Corwin Berman holds the Murray Friedman Chair of American Jewish History at Temple University, where she directs the Feinstein Center for American Jewish History. Her most recent book, The American Jewish Philanthropic Complex: The History of a Multibillion-Dollar Institution, has been awarded prizes from the Organization of American Historians and the American Jewish Historical Society. Her articles have appeared in many scholarly publications, including the American Historical Review and the Journal of American History, and she has written guest columns for the Washington Post, the Forward, and the Chronicle of Higher Education. She is currently writing a book called American Jewish Citizenship: An Untold History.

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Dr. Kathleen Blee

Dr. Kathleen Blee is Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Pittsburgh. She has studied U.S. extremist white supremacist and antisemitic groups for over forty years and has published nine books, including Out of Hiding: Extremist White Supremacism and How It Can be Stopped (2024, co-authored with Robert Futrell and Pete Simi), and over a hundred journal articles and book chapters. She has lectured extensively in the U.S. and Europe, and has worked with multiple communities, public officials, media outlets, and educational and professional groups on the proliferation of organized hate.

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Nathaniel Deutsch

Nathaniel Deutsch is Distinguished Professor of History and the Director of the Center for Jewish Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he holds the Baumgarten Endowed Chair in Jewish Studies. He has served as the Workmen’s Circle/Dr. Emmanuel Patt Visiting Professor in Eastern European Jewish Studies at the YIVO Institute. Deutsch is the author of a number of books, including The Jewish Dark Continent: Life and Death in the Russian Pale of Settlement (Harvard University Press), for which he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and, most recently, with Michael Casper, A Fortress in Brooklyn: Race, Real Estate, and the Making of Hasidic Williamsburg (Yale University Press), which has won a National Jewish Book Award, the Saul Viener Book Prize, and a Jordan Schnitzer Book Award.

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Hasia Diner

Hasia Diner is Professor Emerita, New York University, where she directs the Goldstein-Goren Center for American Jewish History. A Guggenheim winner, she specializes in American Jewish history and broadly, immigration history. She co-authored Immigration: An American History (Yale, 2022). Opening Doors: How the Unlikely Alliance between Irish and Jews Changed America (St. Martin’s, 2024) is forthcoming in July. A past president of the Immigration and Ethnic History Society and former chair of the Academic Council of the American Jewish Historical Society, she was elected to the Society of American Historians and the American Academy for Jewish Research.

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Dr. Marc Dollinger

Dr. Marc Dollinger holds the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Endowed Chair in Jewish Studies and Social Responsibility at San Francisco State University. Professor Dollinger is author of four scholarly books in American Jewish history, most recently Black Power, Jewish Politics: Reinventing the Alliance in the 1960s.

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U.S. Representative Adriano Espaillat

Representative Adriano Espaillat is the first Dominican American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. His district includes Harlem, East Harlem, West Harlem, Hamilton Heights, Washington Heights, Inwood, Marble Hill, and the north-west Bronx.

Rep. Espaillat serves as a member of the influential U.S. House Committee on Appropriations. He also serves on the House Budget Committee. Rep. Espaillat is Deputy Chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus and is Chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute. He is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and is a Senior Whip of the Democratic Caucus. During the 116th Congress, Rep. Espaillat introduced more than 40 bills and resolutions aimed at improving the lives of constituents including protecting the rights of immigrants.

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Libby Garland

Libby Garland is Professor of History at Kingsborough Community College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, where she teaches courses on migration history, border studies, and urban studies. She is the author of After They Closed the Gates: Jewish Illegal Immigration to the United States, 1921-1965.

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Mark Hetfield

Mark Hetfield first joined HIAS (the Jewish community’s international refugee agency) in 1989 as a caseworker in Rome, Italy. He has worked for the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, a large law firm as an immigration attorney, and has held multiple roles at HIAS over the years. Mark was appointed President and CEO of HIAS in 2013. He is a frequent commentator and writer on refugee issues on television, radio, newspapers, and in other media. Mark holds both a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University, where he is also earning an MBA.

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Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof

Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof is Professor of History at Harvard University. He is the author of A Tale of Two Cities: Santo Domingo and New York after 1950 and Racial Migrations: New York City and the Revolutionary Politics of the Spanish Caribbean (winner of the Theodore Saloutos Prize, co-winner of the Kenneth Jackson Prize), and the co-editor and co-translator with Paulina Alberto and George Reid Andrews of Voices of the Race, Black Newspapers in Latin America, 1870-1960. He directed the Immigrant Justice Lab at the University of Michigan from 2017-2022, work that was recognized with an ACLS-Mellon Scholars-in-Society Fellowship in 2020-2021.

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Madeline Y. Hsu

Madeline Y. Hsu teaches history and Asian American Studies at the University of Maryland where she is director of the Center for Global Migration Studies. Her award-winning books include Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882-1943 (2000) and The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority (2015). In 2016, she published Asian American History: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press). Please visit her K-12 curriculum project Teach Immigration History produced in collaboration with the Immigration and Ethnic History Society.

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Shaul Kelner

Shaul Kelner is Associate Professor of Jewish Studies and Sociology at Vanderbilt University. His new book, A Cold War Exodus: How American Activists Mobilized to Free Soviet Jews (NYU Press, 2024), will be published this Passover.

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Rachel Kranson

Rachel Kranson is the Director of Jewish Studies and Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Kranson is the co-editor of A Jewish Feminine Mystique: Jewish Women in Postwar America (2010, National Jewish Book Award Finalist) and author of Ambivalent Embrace: Jewish Upward Mobility in Postwar America (2017, First Book Award Finalist, Immigration and Ethnic History Society). In the Spring 2024 semester, she is serving as a scholar-in-residence at the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute.

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Borough President Mark Levine

Mark Levine, Manhattan Borough President since January 2022, previously represented parts of Upper Manhattan as a City Council member. During his eight years in the Council, he championed tenants' rights, public health, and equity in schools, transit, parks, and housing and was the Health Committee chair. Prior to his work in the Council, Mark founded a community credit union in Washington Heights, and he began his career as a bilingual math and science teacher in the South Bronx.

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Jana K. Lipman

Jana K. Lipman is Professor at Tulane University. She is the author of In Camps: Vietnamese Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Repatriates (UC Press, 2020), Guantanamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (UC Press, 2009), co-translator of Ship of Fate: Memoir of a Vietnamese Repatriate by Tr`ân Đình Tru. (University of Hawaii Press, 2017), and co-editor of Making the Empire Work: Labor and U.S. Imperialism (NYU Press, 2015). She was a Fulbright Scholar at the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna in 2022.

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Mireya Loza

Mireya Loza is an Associate Professor in the Department of History and the American Studies Program at Georgetown University. Her areas of research include immigration history and labor history. Her book, Defiant Braceros: How Migrant Workers Fought for Racial, Sexual and Political Freedom (UNC Press), examines America’s largest guest worker program. Her first book won the 2017 Theodore Saloutos Book Prize awarded by the Immigration and Ethnic History Society and the Smithsonian Secretary’s Research Prize. Her research has been funded by the Ford Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Smithsonian Institution’s Latino Center.

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Maddalena Marinari

Maddalena Marinari teaches U.S. history at Gustavus Adolphus College. She has published extensively on immigration restriction and immigrant mobilization. She is the author of Unwanted: Italian and Jewish Mobilization Against Restrictive Immigration Laws, 1882-1965 and a co-editor of three edited volumes on different aspects of US immigration in the twentieth century. Along with Erika Lee, she has also co-edited a special issue of the Journal of American History on the hundredth anniversary of the passage of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924. She is the president elect of the Immigration and Ethnic History Society.

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Deborah Dash Moore

Deborah Dash Moore is Frederick G. L. Huetwell Professor of History and Professor of Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan. She specializes in 20th-century urban Jewish history. Her recent book, Walkers in the City: Jewish Street Photographers of Mid-Century New York (2023) won a National Jewish Book Award in American Jewish Studies. Currently she serves as editor in chief of The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, a ten-volume anthology of original sources translated into English from the biblical period to 2005, selected by leading scholars.

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Mae Ngai

Mae Ngai is Lung Family Professor of Asian American Studies and Professor of History at Columbia University. She is author of Impossible Subjects (2004), The Lucky Ones (2010), and The Chinese Question (2021), which won the Bancroft Prize. She writes on immigration and Asian American issues for the New York Times, The Atlantic, Dissent, and other publications. Ngai is now completing Nation of Immigrants: A Short History of an Idea.

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Beth S. Wenger

Beth S. Wenger is Moritz and Josephine Berg Professor of History and Associate Dean for Graduate Studies in the School of Arts & Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of History Lessons: The Creation of American Jewish Heritage; New York Jews and the Great Depression: Uncertain Promise, and The Jewish Americans: Three Centuries of Jewish Voices in America. Wenger has worked on numerous public history projects, including museum exhibitions and documentary films.

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